The estimated number of people with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) globally is approximately 844 million. A recent survey by Global Health Atlas Nephrology shows the prevalence of CKD in South Africa to be 10.7% indicating that the burden of non-communicable diseases locally is two to three times higher than in other developing countries. This article explains the vital role of the kidneys, common risk factors for kidney failure, the symptoms of kidney disease, and essential lifestyle habits to protect your kidneys.
Understanding the Vital Role of Your Kidneys
Dr. Brian Brady from Stanford University explains the basics of kidney health in this video from The Stanford Health Library Lecture Series.According to the National Kidney Foundation of South Africa, these bean-shaped organs serve as natural filters and play a crucial role in overall bodily function. The kidneys filter approximately 200 litres of blood each day, removing about 2 litters of toxins, waste, and water in the process. Their key functions include:
- Regulating Blood Pressure: By producing enzymes that control blood pressure.
- Supporting Red Blood Cell Production: By releasing a hormone necessary for red blood cell formation.
- Detoxifying the Body: The kidneys break down harmful chemicals and hormones.
- Supporting Bone Health: They retain nutrients that help nourish bones and joints.
- Maintaining Acid-Base Balance: They regulate the PH levels in your body, which is crucial for overall health.
- Eliminating Waste: They play a central role in expelling toxic waste from the body.
Who Is at Risk for Kidney Disease?
Many cases of CKD– particularly in South Africa – are associated with “lifestyle diseases” such as hypertension and diabetes. These conditions damage the kidneys over time, leading to potential kidney failure. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention these are the main culprits for CKD:
- Hypertension: High blood pressure weakens blood vessels, including those in the kidneys, which increases the risk of kidney damage.
- Diabetes: Elevated blood sugar levels in diabetes can cause long-term damage to the kidneys. Over 50% of people with diabetes will experience kidney complications, making it a significant risk factor.
- Family History of Kidney Disease: A family history can increase the likelihood of kidney failure, as genetic factors play a role.
- Heart disease: Adults with heart failure have a higher risk of CKD due to reduced blood flow to the kidneys. Having CKD is also a risk factor for heart disease.
- Obesity: Being overweight raises your risk for high blood pressure and diabetes which puts you at risk for CKD.
What Happens When Your Kidneys Fail?
Kidney failure occurs when your kidneys can no longer filter waste and fluids from your blood. This condition is known as uremia and can have severe consequences if untreated. Symptoms include:
- Drowsiness or fatigue
- Leg Cramps
- Loss of Appetite
- Headaches
- Nausea or Vomiting
- Trouble Concentrating
- Tremors
- Irritability
If untreated, uremia can lead to seizures, coma, or even death. Dialysis or a kidney transplant is necessary when kidneys fail completely.
Kidney Health Tips
Maintaining kidney health is essential, especially for those at higher risk. The following lifestyle habits can help protect your kidneys:
1. Quit Smoking
Smokers are three times more likely to experience reduced kidney function than non-smokers. Quitting smoking can significantly improve kidney health. Consider joining a quit-smoking program or practicing alternatives like yoga and meditation.
2. Limit Alcohol Consumption
Excessive alcohol consumption can contribute to heart disease and high blood pressure, both of which are risk factors for kidney disease. Limit your intake to two standard drinks per day for men and one drink per day for women.
3. Maintain a Healthy Weight
Being overweight increases the risk of developing diabetes and hypertension, which are leading causes of kidney disease. A balanced diet is crucial. Include plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, good fats, and lean proteins. Limit fatty foods and processed items.
4. Stay Hydrated
Drinking plenty of water is vital for kidney health. Water helps flush waste from the body and supports nutrient transport. Aim for 6 to 8 glasses of water daily to keep your kidneys functioning well.
5. Exercise Regularly
Engaging in regular physical activity, such as 30 minutes of exercise, five days a week, can help manage weight, reduce the risk of heart disease, and prevent diabetes.
Conclusion:
Protecting your kidneys is vital for overall health and longevity. By recognising the risk factors for Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and adopting key lifestyle changes, you can significantly reduce your risk of kidney failure. Staying hydrated, eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol, and regularly monitoring your kidney function are essential practices for maintaining healthy kidneys. Prioritise kidney health today to safeguard your future and live a longer, healthier life.
References
- Brady, B. (2024). Kidney Health: The basics. YouTube. https://tinyurl.com/e8dt5xrw
- CDC. (2024). Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease. Referenced from: https://www.cdc.gov/kidney-disease/risk-factors/index.html
- Fedhealth. (2014). Commit to Quit: Understanding Smoking Cessation. Retrieved from: https://www.fedhealth.co.za/articles/how-to-quit-smoking-2/
- Freeman, M. (2017). 9 Ways to Boost Kidney Health. Retrieved from: https://www.news24.com/life/wellness/body/condition-centres/kidney-and-bladder/9-ways-to-boost-your-kidney-health-20170906
- National kidney Foundation. (2014). Drinking Alcohol Affects Your Kidneys. Retrieved from: https://www.kidney.org/news-stories/drinking-alcohol-affects-your-kidneys
- National kidney Foundation. (2024). Kidney Function. Referenced from: https://www.kidney.org/kidney-topics/kidney-function
- National Library of Medicine. (2023). The Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease in South Africa – Limitation of Studies Comparing prevalence With Sub-Saharan Africa, Africa and Globally. Referenced from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10029276/
- Temple Health. (n.d). Uremia. Retrieved from: https://www.templehealth.org/services/conditions/uremia
